Unbiased Report Exposes the Unanswered Questions on Greeting in a Higher Order and Lower Order Essay Samples

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Health Care System Positioning and Differentiation

Health Care System Positioning and Differentiation HCS 539 Health Care System Positioning and Differentiation A well planned marketing and branding tactic will offer a course of action for the maturity of an effective marketing campaign. A hospital’s marketing and branding strategies are key components of consideration in the development of all encompassing marketing plan. Mercy Health Systems and Crozer-Keystone Health Systems have both successfully marketed themselves in the community as outstanding health care providers. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the different strategies used by Mercy Health Systems’ and Crozer-Keystone Health Systems’ to actively market their organizations. A well planned marketing approach†¦show more content†¦The additional visions that each establishment focuses on is the key focus for each organizations differentiation strategy. Branding a product or service requires a formation of something about the product or service that is exclusive in the market (Hyatt, 2001). Consumers must recognize the product as having advanta geous features not provided by the competitors (Hyatt, 2001). Mercy Health Services branding technique is focused on the organization’s being â€Å"motivated by faith in a merciful God, works to actualize that faith† (Mercy Health Systems, 2010, p. 5). This focus on a religious aspect sets Mercy Health Systems apart from Crozer-Keystone Health Systems and gives Mercy Health Systems a branding strategy that sets them apart from many other organizations. Mercy Health Systems not only promotes healing in the physical and emotional since. Mercy Health Systems also endorses a spiritual healing. On the Mercy Health Systems it states that a greater family unity is encouraged along with helping patients and family members to accept the patients’ medical condition while providing kindhearted support (Mercy Health Systems, 2010). Mercy Health Systems branding strategy seems to have a direct focus on the spiritual wellbeing of it patients and their loved ones. Mercy Health Systems mission is â€Å"Healing in the broadest sense† (Mercy Health Systems, 2010, p. 2). Crozer-Keystone Health Systems’ focusShow MoreRelatedPositioning and Differentation1628 Words   |  7 PagesPositioning and Differentiation Paper For Referencing Only- Do Not Copy Positioning and Differentiation Paper The positioning and differentiation strategies of two nearby hospitals, St. Francis Hospital located in Roslyn, New York and the Schneider Children’s Hospital in New Hyde Park, New York will be discussed in this article. These two institutions are located in Long Island, New York and are approximately 5.2 miles apart from each other, servicing the nearby counties of Queens, NassauRead MoreGlaxo Wellcome Mini Case Essay1521 Words   |  7 PagesGlaxo Wellcome Inc. Mini-case Report April 2, 2007 [pic] Executive Summary Glaxo Wellcome Inc’s primary business is to market prescription products to physicians and health care providers. One of the top three pharmaceutical firms in the world, Glaxo Wellcome Inc. held about 4 percent of the worldwide prescription pharmaceutical market. The U.K. based company was formed in 1995 when Glaxo Pharmaceuticals acquired Burroughs Wellcome. While the company is based in the U.K., the U.S. marketRead MoreThe Cpu Microprocessor Industry s Market Size And Segmentation Essay1557 Words   |  7 Pagesshare, according to Passmark (Passmark, 2016). This paper will focus on discussing the CPU microprocessor industry’s market size and segmentation and competing firms, as well as analyzing Intel’s own strategy of segmentation, targeting, positioning, and differentiation in order show that Intel has determined and responded to customer needs and wants and has satisfied those better than their competitors. Industry Overview Although only one component of Intel’s overall business portfolio, the CPU marketRead MoreRenova Case Study1692 Words   |  7 PagesMission – promote the well-being of both body and mind, while granting a successful relationship not only of a person with oneself but also with the whole environment. Vision – Europe’s leading brand that loves the consumers, cares about them and has a culture of innovation, always appearing with creative, daring and well designed solutions that have in mind environmental issues and the emotional connection between products and consumer. Strategic objectives: * Expand into new marketsRead MoreCanyon Ranch Case1582 Words   |  7 Pagesunique value proposition. However, competition has started becoming an increasing threat, as the trend has shifted towards convergence between medicine and spa services. There are a number of new players, and in order to maintain that point of differentiation, Canyon Ranch will need to build their relationships with their customers. In order to do that, they need to implement a CRM strategy. Some of the major considerations include: * Leadership: Leadership sees the potential value of informationRead MoreKey Components Of The Information Systems Management1148 Words   |  5 PagesWithin this research paper you will find key components of the information systems management discussed throughout this course, beginning with Collaborative Information Systems. Opening with a definition, a collaboration system is design to help unite employees working on a similar task. A most effective information system provides users with the information needed to respond to environmental requirements while staying useful and evolving as the demands change. Typically under normal circumstanceRead MoreDr. Beckitts Dental Office2895 Words   |  12 Pagesconstant revenue with high profit margin. However, in spite of the technical talent she gained from the university, she lacks the core knowledge in business. Since the dentistry industry is rapidly changing due to technology and government regulation in health, Beckett’s margin has declined due to continuously increasing overhead cost. She needs to adapt in the changing environment by investing in new technologies and spend for staff’s trainings. She strongly believes in providing a higher quality levelRead MoreDistribution Of Rite Aid Pharmacy1620 Words   |  7 PagesRite Aid Pharmacy is aiming to make itself as a cost leadership company in the national drug retailer industry. The cost leadership strategy focuses on focuses on lower cost and differentiation than their competitors (Barney Hesterly, 2012). Businesses using the cost leadership strategy focuses on making lower prices and can still make a satisfactory profit. The cost leadership can charge a lower price but can still make about the same amount of profit with its competitors. Rite Aid has been successfulRead MoreBowen Systems Theory Paper1598 Words   |  7 PagesBowen Systems Theory The primary focus is on the individual’s ability to differentiate her/his own intellectual functioning from feelings and the social and curtirial . sociocultural experiences influence and shape perceptions of self and family interactions, and how personal relationships are affected by two primary factors of individuality and togetherness (Bowen Family Therapy, n.d.; Nichols, 2013). Dr. Bowen’s theory of human behavior focuses on all the members of the family as a single emotionalRead MorePtlls Assignment 1 Roles and Responsibilities Essay1137 Words   |  5 Pageslegislation, institutional requirements and ground rules. Reflecting on my responsibilities of ESOL as teacher, they include promoting a safe, supportive learning environment by ensuring that the entitlement, equality, inclusivity, diversity and differentiation principles are observed; preparing lesson plans and teaching materials; keeping records of lesson plans, attendance, retention, satisfaction, progress, assessments and complaints; interviewing prospective students ensuring they enroll on appropriate

Investment Planning

Question: Case Study: Calculation of net capital gains or losses. Answer: Tang, R., Wan, J. (2015). Fringe benefits tax and fly-in fly-out arrangements: John Holland Group Pty Ltd v Commissioner of Taxation.Australian Resources and Energy Law Journal,34(1), 17. Introduction: This assignment is representing consequences and determination of few aspects of income tax liability for individual assesses and company assessee with the help of necessary computations and reasons and evidence thereof, as per the requirements of two case studies. One is related to the determination of capital gain taxable in the hands of an individual asessee Mr. Dave Solomon, while the other one is for fringe benefit tax liability in the hands of the company Periwinkle Pty Limited, assessee. In the present case, net capital gain or loss as per the Australian Taxation Office Act 97/ 36 is to be determined for the year ended 30th June in the books of assessee Mr. Dave Solomon aged 59 years. A Capital Gain Taxable For the year ended 30 June Particulars Amount $ Amount $ (a) residence apartment: Long term asset Net Realised Value (i) 850,000.00 cost of acquisition 70,000.00 Add: Indexation (70,000*106.8/37.9) 197,255.94 Indexed cost of acquisition 267,255.94 comission on sale 15,000.00 Total cost incurred (ii) 282,255.94 Net Proceeds (i- ii) 567,744.06 Less: Discount @50% as per Provision contained in ATO Act (283,872.03) Add: Forfeiture of deposit 85,000.00 Capital gain taxable 368,872.03 (b) Painting: Long term asset Sale Proceeds 125,000.00 Cost of Acquisition (15,000.00) Net Proceeds 110,000.00 Less: Discount @50% as per Provision contained in ATO Act (55,000.00) Capital gain taxable 55,000.00 (c) Motor Cruiser: Long term asset Sale Proceeds 60,000.00 Cost of acquisition (110,000.00) Capital Loss incurred (50,000.00) (d) Shares: Short term asset Sale Proceeds 80,000.00 Less: Brokerage on sale (750.00) Net value realized 79,250.00 Less: Cost incurred- Purchase price 75,000.00 Stamp duty 250.00 (74,750.00) Short term capital gain taxable 4,500.00 Net capital Gain Taxable in the current year of taxation: Particulars Amount $ Amount $ capital gain from residence apartment 368,872.03 capital gain from painting 55,000.00 Capital loss from Motor cruiser (50,000.00) Short term capital gain from shares 4,500.00 Total capital gain taxable incurred in the current year tax 378,372.03 Less: capital loss on sale of shares from previous year (10,000.00) Net capital gain taxable in the current year 368,372.03 Reasons and Evidence: As per the provisions contained under the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997/ 1936 of Australian Taxation Office, any asset held for more than 12 months is considered to be long term asset (Gtze, Northcott Schuster, 2015). Therefore, in case of assessee Mr. Dave Soloman three out of four assets are long term i.e. residential apartment, painting and motor cruiser. Ruling under ITAA 1997/ 1936 states than any long term asset acquired before 20th September 1985, qualifies for indexation. This means that the cost of acquisition of any asset purchased before the specified date should be increased by indexation factor (Moosa, 2016). Indexation factor is considered for the year in which the expenditure incurred and in the year in which capital gain taxable event happened. As a matter of fact, residence apartment which was bought my Mr. Dave 30 years back from the current year tax, cost of purchase of which has been increased by the indexation factor. Whereas other assets i.e. painting, motor cruise were acquired on or after 20th September 1985, hence no indexation required (Dore, 2015). As per the Income Tax Assessment Act ruling, a capital discount of 50% is allowed on capital gain taxable for all the long term assets (Mason Harrison, 2015). Therefore, deduction of 50 % on residence apartment, painting has been claimed. Since, there is a capital loss in case of motor cruiser no discount can be claimed on the same. Further, such discount is also not available on short term assets and therefore, entire amount of capital gain on sale of shares which were acquired in the current year of taxation is taxable in the hands of Mr. Dave. Additionally, as per ITAA rulings on forfeiture of deposits, it has been clarified that any amount in relation to deposits forfeited shall be included for the purpose of Capital gain tax. Thus, a deposit forfeited by Mr. Dave on cancellation of sale of property shall be taxable and no discounted shall be claimed on such amount (McDonald, 2015). Further, the rulings also clarify the allowance of interest expense as deduction. Any interest expense on loan borrowed for the purpose of buying short term assets does not qualify for deduction. Thus, $5000 interest expense on loan borrowed for purchase of shares is not an allowable deduction (Mcnamara, 2015). According to ITAA 1997/ 1936 rulings, loss incurred on long-term asset in the year of assessment is allowed for set off against the long-term capital gain (Kim, OConnor Han, 2015). Therefore, loss on sale of motor vehicle has been set off with the long term capital gain from other assets. Any loss on capital gain carried forward from previous year shall be set off against the net capital gain taxable in the current year of assessment (Gill, 2015). Hence, loss of $10,000 carried over from previous year is allowed to be set off against net capital taxable in the current year. According the calculation of net capital gain taxable in the hands of Mr. Dave Solomon in the above requirement, net capital gain amounted to $368,372.03 has been determined. Mr. Dave can either deposit the amount in any tax free investments such as superannuation fund, provident fund or Mr. Dave can acquire risk and tax free bonds. In case Mr. Dave is a risk taker individual, then he can also opt for investment the amount into listed stocks and securities (Board, 2015). It is also provided that Mr. Dave is willing to invest his funds upto $1,000,000 in superannuation fund but he could raise upto $368,372. Hence, we assume that Mr. Dave Solomon would contribute his net capital gain amount to the said fund. In case Mr. Dave has net capital loss, he can carried over the loss to next year of assessment together with the net capital loss on sale of shares he had already carried from previous year. According to the rulings in sections of Income Tax Assessment Act 1997/ 36 under Australian Taxation Office, capital loss incurred by an individual assessee is allowed to carry forward to future years. Though there is a specified limit for the number of years an asessee can carry. In case of capital loss this is the only option an assessee can avail apart from savings in payment of tax amount and reduction as capital loss in certain specified transactions entered by the asessee (Weisbach, 2016). Conclusion: This assignment has been dealt with the cases of calculation of net capital gains or losses taxable in the hands of individual assesee, Mr. Dave Solomon with the help of explanations to each transaction, which resulted in tax liability on net capital gain taxable value of around $ 368,372. As Mr. Solomon planning to contribute the funds to superannuation fund before the end of current tax year amounted to $1,000,000, he can invest the part of the amount raised by him out of net capital gain raised on sale of assets. Further, in the second case, fringe benefit tax liability valued to $ 43,739 in the hands of company, Periwinkle Pty Ltd which provided various allowance to its employee, Emma during the period 1st May 2015 to 31st March 2016. This, case also presented the deductions, Emma can claim in two different situation while computation of her income tax liability. Reference List: Board, C. F. P. (2015).CFP Board Financial Planning Competency Handbook. John Wiley Sons. Braverman, D., Marsden, S. J., Sadiq, K. (2015). Assessing taxpayer response to legislative changes: A case study of in-housefringe benefits rules.Journal of Australian Taxation,17(1), 1-52. Cooper, R. (2015). Income protection policies: the impact of the changes: payroll taxes.Tax Breaks Newsletter, (355), 4-5. Delany, T. P. (2012). Fringe benefits tax. Dimitropoulos, A., van Ommeren, J. N., Koster, P., Rietveld, P. (2016). Not fully charged: Welfare effects of tax incentives for employer-provided electric cars.Journal of Environmental Economics and Management,78, 1-19. Dore, M. H. (2015).Dynamic Investment Planning (Routledge Revivals). Routledge. Fisher, D. (2015). Mid market focus: No joy regarding FBT on travel expenses for FIFO arrangements. Gill, D. E. (2015). Consolidating the gains: Government intervention in risk capital.Venture Capital,17(1-2), 43-58. Gtze, U., Northcott, D., Schuster, P. (2015). Capital Budgeting and Investment Decisions. InInvestment Appraisal(pp. 3-26). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Hodgson, H., Pearce, P. (2015). TravelSmart or travel tax breaks: is the fringe benefits tax a barrier to active commuting in Australia? 1.eJournal of Tax Research,13(3), 819. Kim, H. M., OConnor, K. B., Han, S. S. (2015). The spatial characteristics of global property investment in Seoul: A case study of the office market.Progress in Planning,97, 1-42. Mason, C. M., Harrison, R. T. (2015). Business angel investment activity in the financial crisis: UK evidence and policy implications.Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy,33(1), 43-60. McDonald, J. (2015). Capitalisation rates for commercial real estate investment decisions.Journal of Property Investment Finance,33(3), 242-255. Mcnamara, P. (2015). The changing nature of property investment: Implications for Urban Planning.Connections, 189-204. Moosa, I. (2016).Foreign direct investment: theory, evidence and practice. Springer. Schwartz, A. (2016). The Low-Income Housing Tax Credit, Community Development, and Fair Housing: A Response to Orfield et al.Housing Policy Debate,26(2), 276-283. Scott, R. A., Currie, G. V., Tivendale, K. J. (2012). Company cars and fringe benefit tax: understanding the impacts on strategic transport targets.

Video Game And Violent Video Games Example For Students

Video Game And Violent Video Games Along with the rapid development of the internet in recent years, game and violence game have become companions of young people. We could not deny the fact that video game already has strong attraction for many people. Especially in today’s society, when work pressure is growing, gaming is an effective solution to relieve tension, dispel feeling of fatigue, anxiety. Playing the normal video game, which it not include any violence scenes, plus regulatory reasonable playing time can help players relaxed and balanced in terms of psychological after hours of studying, and working hard. But a lot of current game players do not like the game that bring the gently feeling, they want to experience a new kind of game, which make up a stronger feeling, and be able to do thing that they would not be able to do in the real world. This is one major reason that make people who enjoy to play violence video game have increase, and difficult to abandon this kind of game. A lot of people think that when you often playing violent video game, you will easy be haunted by the feeling of the spectacle going on in the game, and this will lead to the violation of real life. There is also an argument that violent video game did not affect the players because it is just a game, and it not real. The players should be able to tell what is real and what is virtual. In my opinion, playing violent video game did not affect to people behavior. Instead of that, playing violent video game is a benefit to people life because it can help you relax, and be able to do things that you won’t allowed to do in the real life world. We will write a custom essay on Video Game And Violent Video Games specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now A lot of parent think that violent video game will affect their kid behavior, so they forbid their children to play this kind of game. In recent day, there are a lot of teenager shooting case, and this make everyone blame video game. Parent think that these kid is affected by the violent game, which is allow the player to shoot and killing people. They always think that when their children is playing violent video game, it will affect their children in real life because when the players is too addicted to the game, it will lead to virtual confuse, then all the acts that seemed innocuous in the game will taming the player’s mind, and control the players’ behavior. They scare that their children will have violence behavior and bully the people around them. But in my opinion, children’s behavior is not depend what video game they are playing, it is depend on the behavior of the people around them, such as their parents or the people who they are living with. When the kid is still little, they will watch and copy how the adult act and talk because they are learning. So, when a children still little, the adult has to shows their kid that violent is bad, and they will not allowed to act violent. As long as people understand that violent is wrong, they will not be affected by any of the violent video game, even they have played it every day. For example, my brother is only third teen years old this year, and he have played a lot of game that is listed as violent such as The Last of Us and Grant Theft Auto. He very enjoy the game and even playing it every day after his homework. But, he have not sign of violent, and these game did not seem like affected him. He know that game is just a game, and he did not allowed to act like his game’s character in real life. He enjoy playing this kind of game because he is free to do everything he want to and experience things that he won’t be able to do in his real life. He did not seem to confuse about real world and virtual world. Another example to support this is Japan, a paradise of comic book and video game. The comic books in the past and probably the gaming going on now has focused on sex and crime. Supposedly, the male population has not translated this into everyday life. Japan is also knows as the country that have the lowest percent of criminal. So, violent video game did not affect player behavior in their real life. .u801fe91e0858573dfc16ba789c2280f2 , .u801fe91e0858573dfc16ba789c2280f2 .postImageUrl , .u801fe91e0858573dfc16ba789c2280f2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u801fe91e0858573dfc16ba789c2280f2 , .u801fe91e0858573dfc16ba789c2280f2:hover , .u801fe91e0858573dfc16ba789c2280f2:visited , .u801fe91e0858573dfc16ba789c2280f2:active { border:0!important; } .u801fe91e0858573dfc16ba789c2280f2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u801fe91e0858573dfc16ba789c2280f2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u801fe91e0858573dfc16ba789c2280f2:active , .u801fe91e0858573dfc16ba789c2280f2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u801fe91e0858573dfc16ba789c2280f2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u801fe91e0858573dfc16ba789c2280f2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u801fe91e0858573dfc16ba789c2280f2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u801fe91e0858573dfc16ba789c2280f2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u801fe91e0858573dfc16ba789c2280f2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u801fe91e0858573dfc16ba789c2280f2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u801fe91e0858573dfc16ba789c2280f2 .u801fe91e0858573dfc16ba789c2280f2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u801fe91e0858573dfc16ba789c2280f2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Violent Video GamesThe players will not be effect by any violent act in the video game unless they already have some issue with their own personality. According to Harvard Health Publication, Dr. Patrick Markey of Villanova University and Dr. Charlotte Markey of Rutgers University have done an experiment on some children, and concluded that there are the combination of three personal trait that make some children and think aggressively after playing a violent video game. There three traits were high neuroticism, which make people easy to upset; disagreeableness, who fair to other people; and low levels of conscientiousness, who always acting first before thinking (1). If y ou are the kind of person who have these traits, then you will easier to get effected by the violent game. For example, if someone make you angry, you will think that why you could not hit them or shoot them like you did in your video game. Because you already have that thought on your mind, so when they are continue to arouse you, then you will take your chance to fight with them before you can think of how do your choices could affect you. You will did exactly like what you did in the game without knowing that this is not a game. But, with the people who did not have these traits of personality, they will think before they take their action. They always wanted to know what they are doing. So, it is not because of the violent video game that affect people, it is all because of their personality that they have make them become violent. Instead of making people become violence, some research shows that violent video game help to reduce the rate of criminal in the real life. According to the Times Herald, Professor Patrick M. Markey have believe that the rate of shooting will increase when the new violent video game has released. But the result have surprised him. Instead of increase the rate of shooting criminal in the country, the shooting criminal have been decrease. He think that the criminal is too busy to playing game, so violent video may work to reduce the rate of criminal (2). Criminal is shooting people because they are angry. They did not know what to do to make themselves feel better. They might have trouble with their family or work that force them to hurt someone. Or they just want to experience something that they have not done before. Playing violent video game is give them all of that benefit without be consider as a criminal. So, when the new violent game have released, they will rather spend time to enjoying it than actually shooting someone. Violent video game have been release all around the world, and nearly all the men are playing it, so you could not conclude that violence video game will cause violent. If violent video game have allowed to sell and play all around the world, then it is show that it will not cost any issue by playing it because if there are any issue, the government would not allowed it to be legal for teen to play. These kind of game already been very popular in today society. There are also some specific fans page for each game, which allowed player to connect, get to know each other and share experience of playing the game. There are a lot of governor that have played violent video game, and there may be some governor still playing, and they may be a fan of it. It is not only male playing this kind of game, some female also a big fans of it. Since everyone are playing this kind of game, we could not conclude that there is a relationship between violent video game and the criminal just because of s ome people who commit criminal also playing this kind of game. .u2fe78cdb5c40a8e0680e232194603ce5 , .u2fe78cdb5c40a8e0680e232194603ce5 .postImageUrl , .u2fe78cdb5c40a8e0680e232194603ce5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2fe78cdb5c40a8e0680e232194603ce5 , .u2fe78cdb5c40a8e0680e232194603ce5:hover , .u2fe78cdb5c40a8e0680e232194603ce5:visited , .u2fe78cdb5c40a8e0680e232194603ce5:active { border:0!important; } .u2fe78cdb5c40a8e0680e232194603ce5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2fe78cdb5c40a8e0680e232194603ce5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2fe78cdb5c40a8e0680e232194603ce5:active , .u2fe78cdb5c40a8e0680e232194603ce5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2fe78cdb5c40a8e0680e232194603ce5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2fe78cdb5c40a8e0680e232194603ce5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2fe78cdb5c40a8e0680e232194603ce5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2fe78cdb5c40a8e0680e232194603ce5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2fe78cdb5c40a8e0680e232194603ce5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2fe78cdb5c40a8e0680e232194603ce5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2fe78cdb5c40a8e0680e232194603ce5 .u2fe78cdb5c40a8e0680e232194603ce5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2fe78cdb5c40a8e0680e232194603ce5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Violent Video Games And ViolenceIn today society, violent video game already has a strong attraction to a lot of people. Some people might think that this kind of game is bad, and they won’t allowed their children or grandchildren to playing this game. They think that violent game will make their children become violent. But, they are wrong. Their children behavior is not something that the game can change. It is depend on what people they are growing up with. Violent game will only be able to affect those people who already have their own personality issue. But for these people, they need to consider about if they should playing these kind of game. If they choose t o play, then it is their choices, it not that violent video game affected on them. This kind of game are so popular, and already release to all around the world, and there is no evident to really show that there is relationship between violent game and criminal. So, I believe that violent video game is just a game, It do not have anything to do with changing players behavior or personality.

A Thesis Statement on the novel Candide by Voltaire Essay Essays

A Thesis Statement on the novel Candide by Voltaire Essay Essays A Thesis Statement on the novel Candide by Voltaire Essay Paper A Thesis Statement on the novel Candide by Voltaire Essay Paper Essay Topic: Candide Not everything is all for the best. The novelCandideby Voltaire delved into the wretchednesss of work forces. political relations and faith where every unfortunate event that happens to the person is to be accepted since it is all for the best. Many times in the novel. Candide’s esteemed professor. Pangloss remarked that â€Å"Everything is all for the best† . For his portion. Voltaire seems to be oppugning the construct of fatalism. Fatalism is the position that persons are powerless to make anything other that what we really do. It seems dry that Candide remains optimistic despite all that he had experienced ; the ostracism from the palace. the whipping by the soldiers and the sinking of the ship. All these events would hold made a weaker adult male autumn on his articulatio genuss and cuss the celestial spheres ; but non Candide. After all. everything is for the best. Nevertheless. Candide retains his good will. generousness and ironically. his optimism. The construct of fatalism is taking the easy manner out. There are many cases where Candide could hold avoided such unfortunate fortunes ; like losing his sheep every bit good as his hoarded wealth. Not merely that. he squandered his staying hoarded wealth to unworthy persons. Another case was when Candide was flogged. He simply accepted it. He was believing along the lines that everything is all for the best. But to believe about it. how unfair is it to be lashed a 1000 times for being misunderstood as deserting. In some manner. Voltaire was knocking citizens who could accept the unfair and irrational determinations of their authorities. In connexion with the thought of fatalism is the construct of free will. If worlds were given the gift of free will. so the thought that everything is all for the best would be inconsistent. A individual who has free will would be capable of determining his or her ain fate. In stead of this. Candide should be able to alter the events that weren’t say to go on to him or if they did go on. so the consequence would non hold been so black or it could hold at least been minimized. One illustration had been where Candide stabbed the Baron. Cunegonde’s brother. He could hold restrained himself and could hold conducted an unwritten statement alternatively. What Candide did was roseola and unwise that it was no surprise that it would stop disastrously. Today. a individual is expected to move and talk tactfully. There would be chaos if everyone wanted to hold their ain manner. Another illustration was when Candide and his comrade were about eaten by the Oreillons but were saved because he killed a Jesuit. Cunegonde’s brother. the Baron. In this clip. Candide thanked his good luck for killing a Jesuit to avoid being eaten. It should hold crossed his head that if he had non stabbed the Baron. so they would hold non been in that state of affairs in the first topographic point. It is easy to fault every occurrence in life as portion of a expansive program. That everything is destined and fated. But if it is. so why is at that place free will? It could non simply be some fast one to adult male to believe that he has control over the events in life. Changeless nisus to be better is what makes the universe go unit of ammunition. The find of unknown topographic points and chartless Waterss are the merchandise of motive and will of work forces. In kernel. man’s free will is the ground. All the effects of one’s actions are due to one’s interactions. Candide’s optimism. naivete and artlessness may hold drawn its beginning from Mademoiselle Cunegonde. She’s beautiful and charming and guileless. To Candide. she’s the one ground to stay living despite all the wretchednesss of the universe. In some ways. she had besides been the ground why in the ulterior portion of the novel. Candide encountered many unfortunate events. He even left the Utopian universe of El Dorado merely to be with his darling Cunegonde. Cunegonde symbolizes Candide’s optimism. In the novel. Voltaire besides portrays the human being’s love of life. The old adult female was acknowledged as the individual who encountered the most unfortunate wretchednesss. However. in malice of all that. she’s admits that she still loves life and neer would she hold killed herself. The â€Å"All for the best† construct was eventually refuted and rejected by Candide. In the novel. Pangloss said to Candide â€Å"All events are linked up in this best of all possible universes ; for. if you had non been expelled from the baronial palace by difficult boots in your rear for love of Mademoiselle Cunegonde. if you had non been clapped into the Inquisition. if you had non wandered about America on pes. if you had non stuck your blade in the Baron. if you had non lost all your sheep from the land of El Dorado. you would non be eating sugar-coated citrons and Pistacia veras here† . Upon which Candide replied. â€Å"Tis good said. but we must cultivate our gardens† . ( Voltaire. 1949 ) This shows that nil happens without a ground. Many times in the novel. cause and consequence was mentioned. That is right ; everything that happens would hold an equal consequence. Every action has an equal reaction. Even every bit simple as turning fruits and veggies is tantamount to yearss and darks of difficult work. They did non merely as if by magic appear from the land or fallen from Eden. It’s the same with what happened to Candide and his comrades. Some events may hold been the act of God. but it is up to adult male to guarantee that everything would be all right. Mentions Rice. H. . â€Å"Fatalism† .The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy( Winter 2002 Edition ) . Edward N. Zalta ( ed. ) . URL = hypertext transfer protocol: //plato. Stanford. edu/entries/fatalism/ Voltaire ( 1949 ) .The portable Arouet( B. R. Redman. Ed. ) . Canada: McMillan.

Stuart Davis, American Modernist Painter

Stuart Davis, American Modernist Painter Stuart Davis (1892-1964) was a prominent American modernist painter. He began working in the realist Ashcan School style, but exposure to European modernist painters in the Armory Show led to a distinctive personal modernist style that influenced the later development of pop art. Fast Facts: Stuart Davis Occupation: PainterMovement: Abstract art, modernism, cubismBorn: December 7, 1892 in Philadelphia, PennsylvaniaDied: June 24, 1964 in New York, New YorkParents: Helen Stuart Foulke and Edward Wyatt DavisSpouses: Bessie Chosak (died 1932), Roselle SpringerChild: George Earle DavisSelected Works: Lucky Strike (1921), Swing Landscape (1938), Deuce (1954)Notable Quote: I dont want people to copy Matisse or Picasso, although it is entirely proper to admit their influence. I dont make paintings like theirs. I make paintings like mine. Early Life and Education The son of sculptor Helen Stuart Foulke and newspaper art editor Edward Wyatt Davis, Stuart Davis grew up surrounded by visual art. He developed a serious interest in drawing by age sixteen and started illustrating adventure stories for his younger brother, Wyatt. Davis family moved from his childhood home in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to New Jersey, where he got to know a group of his fathers artist colleagues known as the Eight. This group included Robert Henri, George Luks, and Everett Shinn. Bar House, Newark (1913). Wikimedia Commons / Public Domain Stuart Davis began his formal art training as a student of Robert Henri, who became the leader of the Ashcan School, an American art movement known for focusing on painting scenes of daily life in New York City. They took much of their inspiration from Walt Whitmans poetry in Leaves of Grass. The Armory Show In 1913, Davis was one of the youngest artists featured in the groundbreaking Armory Show, the first extensive exhibition of modern art in the U.S. First showing at New Yorks 69th Regiment Armory, the exhibition then traveled to the Art Institute of Chicago and Copley Society of Art in Boston. The Mellow Pad (1951). Brooklyn Museum / Wikimedia Commons While Stuart Davis exhibited realist paintings in the Ashcan style, he studied the works of European modernist artists included in the exhibition, from Henri Matisse to Pablo Picasso. After the Armory Show, Davis became a dedicated modernist. He took cues from the cubist movement in Europe to move toward a more abstract style of painting. Colorful Abstraction Stuart Davis mature style of painting began to develop in the 1920s. He became friends with other influential American artists including Charles Demuth and Arshile Gorky as well as poet William Carlos Williams. His work began with realistic elements but he then abstracted them with bright colors and geometrical edges. Davis also painted in series, making his work parallel to musical variations on a theme. Swing Landscape (1938). Robert Alexander / Getty Images In the 1930s, Davis painted murals for the Federal Art Project, a program of the Works Progress Administration. One of those, the monumental painting Swing Landscape shows the style of Stuart Davis in full flower. He began with a depiction of the waterfront of Gloucester, Massachusetts, and then added the energy of the jazz and swing music he loved. The result is a highly personal explosion of color and geometrical forms. By the 1950s, Davis work evolved to a focus on lines and a style influenced by drawing. The painting Deuce is an example of the shift. Gone was the cacophony of bright colors. In its place was a lively set of vibrant lines and shapes still echoing lessons learned from the European cubism of the early 20th century. Later Career After he established himself as a vital member of the New York avant-garde painting scene of the mid-20th century, Stuart Davis began teaching. He worked at the Art Students League, the New School for Social Search, and then Yale University. As an instructor, Davis directly influenced a new generation of American artists. Nightlife (1962). Wikimedia Commons / Creative Commons 2.0 Although his late-career work continued to incorporate abstract elements, Stuart Davis never moved completely away from referencing real life. He rejected the abstract expressionism that dominated the American art world of the 1950s. In the early 1960s, Davis health quickly declined until he suffered a stroke in 1964 and passed away. His death came just as art critics saw the influence of his work in a new movement, pop art. Legacy Deuce (1954). Andreas Solaro / Getty Images One of Stuart Davis most lasting contributions was his ability to take lessons learned from European movements in painting and create a distinctly American twist on the ideas. His bold, graphical paintings contain echoes of the work of Fauvists like Henri Matisse and the cubist experiments of Georges Braque and Pablo Picasso. However, the end product finds inspiration in American life and architecture, a factor that makes Davis work unique. Pop artists Andy Warhol and David Hockney celebrated Stuart Davis blending of content from commercial advertisements with the shapes of everyday objects that he first depicted in the 1920s. Today, many art historians consider Davis work to be proto-pop art. Source Haskell, Barbara. Stuart Davis: In Full Swing. Prestel, 2016.

How to use a Gold in Wind Turbines Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

How to use a Gold in Wind Turbines - Essay Example This report focuses on wind turbines, their design and how they can be redesigned using gold in order to increase their efficiency. Introduction The use of wind turbines to harness wind power is not a new technology. It is a concept that has been in operation since as the 7th century. To date, the wind turbines have become a familiar picture with their purpose being simple: to harvest the energy possessed by wind. Wind turbines differ in size depending on the required amount of energy. All wind turbines are made up of 4 major parts; rotor blades, nacelle unit, base and tower ((Energy Center of Wisconsin 1). However, due to the technological advancements, various changes are been made in the design and choice of components in an attempt to increase its efficiency. The following report explains how gold can be used in a wind turbine in order to increase its efficiency. Breakdown of the major parts of a wind turbine As stated earlier, wind turbines come in different sizes depending on t he energy requirements. There are four crucial parts that are essential in any wind turbine. These are rotor blades, nacelle, support tower and the foundation/base as shown in the following figure. Figure 1: The major components of a wind turbine system (Alternative energy eMagazine 7) 1. ... Rotation of the blades makes the turbine rotate thus capturing the kinetic energy contained in the wind (Energy Center of Wisconsin 2). 2. The Nacelle This part can be referred to as the ‘engine system’ of the wind turbine. It houses the generator and the gearbox that are connected to the rotor blades through a shaft and system of gears. The gears are used to increase the rotation speed of the blades. Rotation of the blades results in rotation of the generator. The generator converts the kinetic energy possessed in the wind into electrical energy (Energy Center of Wisconsin 3). 3. Support Tower They are elevated a few feet from the ground and are used to hoist the rotor blades and the nacelle unit to heights where there is likely to be little barriers to wind motion. The most common design is a round steel cylinder. It also houses the electrical conduits and also contains a ladder running outside it to provide access to the rotor blades and nacelle unit for maintenance a nd repair services (Energy Center of Wisconsin 4). 4. Base/Foundation The base is constructed using concrete that is reinforced with steel bars. The foundation holds the entire system in position thus is constructed with utmost caution. Choice of Materials for each component 1. Rotor Blades As stated earlier, the blades may be made from fiberglass, plastic, or metal. Regardless of the material used, the blades must be designed to capture the maximum surface area of the wind. They are also designed using a light weight material that is also durable and corrosion resistant. For this reason, most blades are made from reinforced plastic and fiberglass (Layton 5). 2. Nacelle unit In this unit, the major components are the generator and the gear box

WEEK 4 DQ 7 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

WEEK 4 DQ 7 - Assignment Example Generally, organizational culture helps in enhancing teamwork in the organization. The type of organizational culture adopted and applied in an organization depends on the management and the amount of control that it wants to exercise in the organization (Schein, 2010). The most common types of organizational culture include the collaborative culture, the controlled culture, the competitive culture, and the creative culture. The collaborative culture encourages teamwork and cooperation of activities while the controlled one depends on punctuality and has fewer margins for error. On the other hand, the competitive culture encourages competition between the employees on a daily basis while the creative one allows independence in projects. The culture provides a sense of identity, promotes trust, fosters commitment, and gives the employees a reason to behave in a certain way (Sims, 2002). An organization’s culture is very important because the organization can use it to improve i ts overall performance. This is because the culture determines the mode of decision making in the organization as well as the extent to which the employees can communicate with the management to provide input on certain issues that may be affecting the organization. A good organizational culture can even function as an organization’s competitive

Literary Genres Essay Example for Free

Literary Genres Essay

The American Dream in John Steinbecks East of Eden :: East of Eden Essays

The American Dream in East of Eden It is what every American strives for in life, but no one ever seems to achieve fully; it is the hopes and aspirations of every American, yet rarely are these goals ever met. It is the American Dream. In East of Eden, John Steinbeck displays different aspects of the American Dream through the desires and wishes of each character. Though each character in East of Eden may have a slightly different idea of what the American Dream is, becoming rich and wanting a better life for one's children seem to be a common thread in the lives of Faye and Cathy, Adam, and Cyrus. Becoming rich and financially stable is arguably the most important part of the American Dream. Every character seems to think it important, even those who do not have a lot of money. Faye obtains her wealth by running a successful whore house. When adopting Cathy as her daughter, Faye tells her, "I--no, we--have cash and securities in excess of sixty thousand dollars. In my desk are notations of accounts and safe-deposit boxes. I sold the place in Sacramento for a very good price" (233). Upon hearing this news, Cathy knows that her act of being daughterly has worked and she will inherit a lot of money. Being financially secure is important to both of them and they think it is the only way for them to enjoy the pleasures of life. Adam Trask is also a strong believer that money is the only way for one to live a life of luxury. When inheriting the money form his father, Cyrus, Adam is anxious to spend the money to build a better life for his brother and himself. While his brother is skeptical, Adam decides that he should move west in order to buy a nice farm to raise a family on. Upon his arrival at Salinas, Adam is willing to pay whatever it takes to buy the best plot of land. Only with money would this have been possible and would he be happy. Cyrus Trask believes that money makes a better life, too. If he did not think this, he would not have thought it important to leave his

Black Hand †The Conspiracy that started War Essay

In 1911 ten politically important men of Serbia formed a secret society called the Black Hand in one of their sister’s basements. Three years later, the Black Hand had started World War one. Fifteen million people died, 20 million people wounded; all because of the bad judgement of one man and the death of another. The cause the Black Hand was fighting for was a worthy one for they were simply liberating themselves from Austro-Hungarian control. They wanted to be free people and many powerful and political people of Serbia joined the leader ranks of the Black Hand. They operated through stealth and if a perpetrator of the Black Hand was caught by the enemy then they were under strict orders to commit suicide at the first opportunity, if not then the Black Hand would kill that person themselves in case they had become a spy for the enemy; One bad move and the foundation of which they formed would be ripped apart; They had to be cautious and very clear on what they intended to d o or their enemy would pick them off one by one. The cause of the First World War is quite memorably famous; well I’d say it is to anyone who’s studied WWI in school but what may seem interesting is how one small rock that is the assassination of a prince, tied to many other bigger rocks that are the empires and the countries, could miraculously pull them all in to a never-ending hole in such short time. Many speculate that the tension between the two sides of the war was at such a high standing point that even a feather could make that tension blow up colossally; others who think otherwise are quite stupid. So generally it wasn’t the small innocent(well I wouldn’t exactly say innocent) rock that pulled the larger rocks into deep oblivion, no, it was the powerful winds abided and helped by the small rock that made it all happen, a small rock made such a big difference in a much larger world, anything’s possible eh? The Black Hand was a secret organisation whose sole goal was to disrupt Austria-Hun gary plans, terrorise them in their most crucial points and in the end game; kick them out of Serbia so the country could once again be whole and free. They would go to any measures to extrapolate their plans and many people died. They formed in 1911 and by 1914 there were several hundreds of members, perhaps even more accurately two thousand five hundred. They had spies everywhere. Perhaps their biggest act and possibly their biggest overestimated one was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. They could never possibly see that it would some short time later cause World War one. They had hoped to shake Austria-Hungary and perhaps cite some fear into the King but never to cause a war of mass scale. Unfortunately any one thing, however small, was enough to pop that tension filled balloon and cause a war. So If they didn’t cause the war, something else was obviously have done it. The assassination wasn’t professionally done. By that I mean the leaders behind the plot didn’t go to great measures to ensure that Franz Ferdinand would die. They relied on the number of men they had enrolled to do the job. There were a lot of their men on the scene and many were not captured, being transparent in the luminous crowd. Perhaps they did not want to hurt their fellow Serbs for something such as a 20 metre range bomb would surely kill and harm a lot of innocent people. But never the less the prince was assassinated after fruitless attempts; He was assassinated by a young man called Gavrillo Princip who made no hesitation to kill the prince after spotting him across the road, his colleagues were obviously unsuccessful in the act and without a seconds thought Gavrillo ran out and fired two shots, killing the prince and his wife Sophie. Years after the war had ended Gavrillo Princip was questioned. At the end of the interview, they asked him if he knew what would have happened when he fired those shots, would he have done it? This proved that the Black Hands intentions were clean at heart even to the lowest members for he said â€Å"god hell no, Commend millions of people to death because of my own stupid judgement? Hell no†.

Comparitive Study Between Euripides’ Alcestis and Hippolytus

Euripides, youngest of the three great Greek tragedians, was born c. 485 BC though he was scarcely a generation younger than Sophocles, his world view better reflects the political, social, and intellectual crises of late 5th-century Athens. Euripides' enormous range spans contradictory tendencies:   He was both a rationalist and a romanticist;  he both criticized the traditional gods and celebrated religious phenomena He incorporated the new intellectual and scientific movements into his works but also conveyed the irresistible power of the irrational. Original and experimental, he parodied the conventions of tragedy and also used new theories about the illusionist and deceptive powers of language. He created tragicomic plots. His Alcestis and Hippolytus are his two great plays. We will notice many similarities in Euripidean plays. There are many similarities in Alcestis and Hippolytus and also have some dissimilarities. Comparative studies between these plays are discussed below. In ancient Greek tragedy there has several parts—Prologue, Parados, Episode. the first Stasimon the second Episode, the second Stasimon, the third Episode, the third Stasimon, the fourth Episode, the fifth Stasimon and Exodos. The plot structures of both plays are same. In both play we find Prologue, Parados, Episode, the first Stasimon the second Episode, the second Stasimon, the third Episode, the third Stasimon, the fourth Episode, the fifth Stasimon and Exodos and also choral ode with strophe and antistrophe. In both play the unity of time, pla ce and action have been maintained. Both plays are written in Iambic Pentameter. Both Alcestis and Hippolytus open with prologue or monologue which is a common characteristic of Greek plays . In both plays the audience have lost their interest from the very beginning because everything has been told before in the prologue. The play Alcestis begins with the prologue of the god Apollo. Here Apollo stops death from taking the life of Admetus and predicts that Alcestis will die instead of Admetus. He also predicts that Alcestis’ life will be saved by Heracles, the demi god. Similarly the play Hippolytus also begins with the monologue of the goddess Aphrodite. In the play Aphrodite the goddess of love, is angry with Hippolytus because of his devotion to Artemis, the goddess of chastity and hunting. So she makes a plan to ruin the life of Hippolytus, phadra and Theseus as well. Chorus plays a very significant role in Greek plays. The appearance of chorus is mandatory in Greek plays. In the plays of Sophocles the chorus continually present on the stage. In Euripides the picture is quite different. His plays are relatively complex. He experienced difficulties in retaining chorus. In Alcestis The entry of the chorus, or the â€Å"parodos† sequence, follows: a chorus of fifteen men of Pherae, led by a â€Å"coryphaeus† (chorus-leader), enter the orchestra of the theatre. The chorus-leader complains that they are in a state of suspense, ignorant of whether they ought to be performing mourning rituals for their queen. The chorus' lyrical ode, to which they dance as they sing, consists of two paired stanzas of strophe and antistrophe. They sing of the silence that greets their search for signs of mourning, the evidence of Alcestis' death. When goodness dies,† they lament, â€Å"all good men suffer, too. † The chorus-leader concludes by dismissing the chorus' search for hope in the situation: â€Å"The King has exhausted every ritual. † The Chorus is significant here and active. They informed the audience about what is happening inside the palace. Unlike Seneca’s chorus, the chorus is very active and plays a very important r ole. In Hippolytus the chorus is composed of fifteen women of Troy. In this play the chorus is mostly passive. For in a Sophoclean play the chorus announces new comers. In Hippolytus the chorus is not as active as Sophoclean tragedy. They inform the audience of the death of his wife. But under no circumstances could they speak of the criminal passion of Phaedra for Hippolytus. That would have been the height of impropriety. That is why Phaedra has to lay bare her heart to the Nurse. It is Artemis who informed Theseus of what actually happened. What mortals fail to do, Dues ex machine can. The choruses in Hippolytus therefore do not serve any important purpose as they do in the tragedies of Aeschylus and Sophocles. Euripides always highlights the role of servant or nurse throughout his plays. He always highlights the salve character. In Alcestis it is the servant who reveals the secret to Heracles that their queen is dead. Heracles gets drunk and begins irritating the servants, who loved their queen and are bitter at not being allowed to mourn her properly. Finally, one of the servants snaps at the guest and tells him what has happened. Heracles is terribly embarrassed at his blunder and his bad behavior, and he decides to ambush and confront Death and save Alcestis from the clutches of Death. Similarly in Hippolytus it is nurse who reveals the secret of her queen to Hippolytus which hastens the death of Phaedra. Phaedra took her Nurse into her confidence. But the nurse foolishly exposed the truth to Hippolytus. So we can say in both plays. Euripides reveals the truth by a slave character. Aeschylus and Sophocles had implicit faith in the Olympian gods and goddesses. Euripides had refined sensibility and looks at the divinities a little critically disciple of Xenophanes and Anaxagoras, he had a rational outlook on men and things. He was not a skeptic, far less an atheist. He profusely used the traditional myth and legends. In Alcestis, Admetus  forgot to sacrifice to Artemis, and consequently found his marriage chamber full of coiled serpents. Apollo bade King Admetus  appease the goddess, and meanwhile he obtained (because Admetus  1 was such a kind master towards him) a special favour of the MOERAE: that when Admetus  1 should be about to die, he might be released from death, if someone should choose voluntarily to die for him. â€Å"In Admetus I found a godly man. And so I rescued him from death by tricking the MOERAE. These goddesses promised me that Admetus could escape an immediate death by giving in exchange another corpse to the powers below. † (Apollo. Euripides, Alcestis 10). Alcestis dies in vicarious death Admetus could not find someone who would die for him. Only because of the role of Apollo, Admetus’ life saves and Alcestis dies instead of him. Euripides makes gods and goddesses questionable. In Alcestis, Alcestis dies because Admetus could not find someone who would die for him. Only because of the role of Apollo, Admetus’ life saves and Alcestis dies instead of him. Here the justice of Apollo is definitely questionable. In Hippolytus, the Olympian gods and goddesses plays a very important role although they are presented in the play in an unpleasant way. Hippolytus is very much devoted to the goddess Artemis and do not worship Aphrodite which makes the goddess angry and she made a plan which ruins the life of Hippolytus, Phaedra and Theseus as well. The main theme of this play is the conflict between love and chastity, infact it is the conflict between Aphrodite and Artemis. Artemis is not also totally blameless. She could have save her favorite but didn’t do so. Although the god Poseidon does not appear physically but he plays a very significant role in this play. He too is responsible for the death of Hippolytus. Euripides portrayal of women in his plays has been somewhat bizarre. His female characters kill out of revenge, kill out of jealousy and kill because a god possessed them too. Women occasionally assert dominance in the household; although, even within the home they posses limited influence over their husbands. An interesting theme runs through Euripides theatrical tragedies Alcestis and Hippolytus. In each play the lead female character forgoes her life for the sake of love. In Alcestis, Alcestis willingly gives her life to prevent her husband Admentus' death. In Hippolytus, Phaedra chooses to commits suicide as a result of falling in love with her husband’s son and refusing to be deceitful to her husband. Although Alcestis’ love should be considered as moral and virtuous where as Phaedra’s passion for her son was immoral, incestuous and illegal. In these two plays, a major female character challenges the predominately masculine centre pf power and authority and in some way questions the limits of that power. Alcestis forces her husband to confront the gap between the value that he attaches to family ties and affections and the honorific exchange of guest relationship that belong to the outward-facing world of male prerogatives. Phaedra’s erotic passion invades the garden world of idealized purity that Hippolytus would create with his virginal huntress-goddess, Artemis and shatters its defense by opening it up to the power of Aphrodite that he has rejected (both for himself and others) so absolutely. In the process, Phaedra also releases the suppressed violence and hatred that fuel Hippolytus’ total rejection of Aphrodite. .Although Phaedra has passionate desires for her stepson she is thoroughly ashamed of these feelings and as a result of her shame she decides to die by starving herself. She also condemns women who are unfaithful to their husbands as she says ‘And I despise them, women who preach faithfulness to husbands but dare the worst behind their backs. ’ Euripides, therefore, presents Phaedra as a moral woman who is just an unlucky victim of Aphrodite In these two cases the women are impelled to their actions by their intense emotional commitment to house and family. Alcestis and Phaedra both try to ensure their children’s future; and each is prepared to sacrifice her life in the process, although in diametrically opposite ways. In the play Hippolytus we notice the growth and development in Phaedra’s character. She is a dynamic or round character. But Alcestis does not have any growth and development throughout the play. She is a static character. Unlike Phaedra she plays a trivial role in the play. There is a question whether Euripides is misogynist or not. Euripides' innovation in his Hippolytus is to cast the woman as a sympathetic character, Aphrodite's helpless victim caught in a divine plan to destroy Hippolytus. His audience expects to see the wicked woman vilified and the virtuous youth exalted; that is the tradition. Instead, Euripides portrays his Phaedra as a highly moral woman struggling against the shame of her passion, while Hippolytus is an intolerant prig. Alcestis’ love is virtual, a sacred love for a husband. But Phaedra’s love for his step son has been considered in the play as sickness. She became love sick. Since her love is not pure like Alcestis so her love defined as sickness throughout the play. Euripides’ sympathetic tone is toward woman is also expressed in the play Alcestis. Alcestis' fate can be viewed as a reflection of the male- dominated world of fifth- century Athens- her death is decided by her husband, in that he allows her to take his pre-ordained place in Hades; her rescue from Death comes only through Heracles' intervention. Being led silently from the tomb perhaps symbolizes the woman's role in the Athenian household as a subordinate figure, from whom it was preferred to hear little. In all, the play shows that the rules of the male world, guest- friendship and hospitality in particular, are more important that the whims of a female, even her dying wish are disregarded. So he can’t be considered as misogynist. Heroes are undistinguished in Euripidean plays. They do not have much heroic qualities. They are very common and simple rather heroines are more focused in Euripidean play. For example in Alcestis, Admetus’ role is not heroic rather he is coward and self centered. He has not any growth and development. Alcestis sacrifices her own life for her husband, Admetus just laments on her wife’s death. He does not try anything to save her beloved wife’s life. Rather it was Heracles who save the Alcestis life and rescued her. In Hippolytus, we notice the growth and development of Phaedra’s character. Phaedra’s love, her passion, her struggle and her death makes her a round character. But Hippolytus’ remains quite inactive throughout the play. He has no contribution to the action of the play. Phaedra and Aphrodite play the main role in this play. They are more focused than Theseus or Hippolytus. According to Aristotle a hero should not be too good or too bad. Hippolytus is too good. He is a debatable hero. He has no growth and development. Unlike Phaedra he is a static character. Deus ex machine is a technique where a god or artificial or improbable device introduced into a play to resolve the entanglements of the plot. This technique is frequently used by Euripides. In the play Alcestis, Heracles acted as Dues ex machine. In the play Hippolytus it is the goddess Artemis who is presented as Dues ex machine. Alcestis is considered as a satyr play. Alcestis is a domestic tragicomedy with a mixture of fairy tale atmosphere and intense personal suffering that in the extant plays reappears again. Although the play begins with a gloomy and tragic mood but the ending of this play is joyous. It has a happy ending though artificial. So this play is considered as a tragicomedy. His play Hippolytus explores the nature of passion, the problem of communication and language and the emotional and the moral pitfalls of intense aspiration and one-sided devotion to the ideal. This play is totally a tragedy. In this play Phaedra commit suicide and the play ends with death Hippolytus. Obviously this play does not end with a happy tone. So it has been considered as a pure example of tragedy. Euripides has come to be increasingly appreciated in modern times for his intellectual subtlety, bold and original dramatic power, brilliant psychological insight, and ability to elicit unexpected symbolic meaning from ancient myth and cult. Critics find the Alcestis a richly rewarding play in many areas. D. J. Conacher explores how Euripides expanded the myth of Admetus and Alcestis, adding comic and folk tale elements to suit the needs of his tragedy. In Hippolytus, he also adapts the myth of Pasiphae the mother of Phaedra and Ariadne, the sister of her. But he relates it to the play by his own way. Throughout his works Euripides struggled to show the human side of his characters and tried to elevate their actions to a status of importance and not just as a consequence of the intervention of the gods. For this reason Euripides stands apart as does his works.

8 top health care jobs for 2018

8 top health care jobs for 2018 Of all the industries growing like crazy over the past few years, few have seen as much growth (or projected growth in the coming years) as health care. It’s a confluence of social issues- growing population (particularly aging Baby Boomers), more attention being paid to self-care, and more attention generally being paid in public to the health and wellness needs of the general population. Industry growth means health care professionals of all kinds are needed. Whether you’re trying to decide where to focus your education to start a career in allied health or you’re looking for a job that you can build without going to med school or nursing school, there are lots of opportunities. Let’s look at some of the fastest-growing health care jobs for the coming year.1. Registered NurseWhen you hear the word â€Å"shortage† to describe a health care field, it’s usually in reference to nurses. Nurses are one of the main backbones of the health care ind ustry, and there is always a huge demand for competent, qualified, and compassionate professionals to step into the nursing world. Registered nurses (RNs) coordinate and provide direct patient care, assess patient condition, record patients’ medical data, administer treatments and medication as prescribed by a physician, develop treatment plans, operate and monitor medical equipment, perform diagnostic tests, and educate patients and their families on follow-up care. Nurses can be found virtually anywhere there’s a medical facility, including hospitals, doctors’ offices, home health care services, nursing homes, schools, clinics, or health-focused government agencies.What you’ll need: RNs typically hold a bachelor’s degree in nursing (BSN), an associate’s degree in nursing (ADN), or a certificate from an accredited nursing program. In all states, nurses need to be licensed, so be sure to check your own state’s requirements for licensi ng (including any standardized tests like the NCLEX).How much they make: According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), registered nurses make a median annual salary of $68,450, or $32.91 per hour.For more on how to snag registered nurse jobs:Create A Winning Registered Nurse Resume!How Long Does it Take to Become a Nurse?2. Nurse PractitionerNurse practitioners, also known as Advance Practice Registered Nurses (APRNs) are nurses who are located midway between registered nurses and physicians. In addition to standard nursing duties, nurse practitioners often have increased ability to coordinate primary patient care, prescribe medications, order tests, and develop treatment plans for patients.What you’ll need: Nurse practitioners need to have a master’s degree (or higher) in an advanced nursing program, as well as pass a national exam. What a nurse practitioner can do, as well as licensing requirements, can vary by state, so be sure you’re aware of your own state’s requirements and policies on nurse practitioners.How much they make: According to the BLS, nurse practitioners make a median annual salary of $107,460, or $51.67 per hour.For more on how to snag nurse practitioner jobs:What Type of Nurse Are You?6 Reasons You Should Seriously Consider Becoming a Nurse Practitioner3. Home Health AideHome health aides are caregivers who travel to patients’ homes to provide medical and daily living care. Patients may include elderly or chronically ill patients who are not living in specific nursing care facilities, but need help with daily activities. A home health aide’s duties typically include medical tasks like checking vital signs and administering medication or prescribed treatments, as well as assisting with daily life tasks like walking, using the bathroom, feeding, dressing, or leaving the house. This is a field that is growing even more than other health careers, with a rapidly expanding population of older ad ults who need help, but want to stay in their own homes.What you’ll need: Home health aides typically have a high school diploma or equivalent certificate. Most home health agencies provide on-the-job training for aides, though a background in medical terminology or health care can be helpful.How much they make: According to the BLS, home health aides make a median annual salary of $22,170, or $10.66 per hour.For more on how to snag home health aide jobs:How to Write a Strong Home Health Aide Resume (Examples Included)What Does a Home Health Aide Do?Top 7 Healthcare Careers That Don’t Require A Graduate Degree4. Physician AssistantPhysician assistants (PAs) are medical professionals who work as part of a team with physicians, surgeons, nurses, and other health care professionals. Their duties include examining, ordering, and analyzing diagnostic tests; performing treatments like setting broken bones and giving shots; prescribing medicine; developing patient care plans; and educating patients and their families. PAs typically work in hospitals, clinics, or doctors’ offices.What you’ll need: Physician assistants typically hold a master’s degree from an accredited Physician Assistant program. All states require PAs to be licensed, so be sure to know your own state’s requirements for certification.How much they make: According to the BLS, physician assistants make a median annual salary of $101,480, or $48.79 per hour.For more on how to snag physician assistant jobs:How to Write a Perfect Physician Assistant Resume (Examples Included)5. Dental HygienistDental hygienists are the ones who often do much of the heavy lifting at your dental appointments, working directly with patients to evaluate signs of dental disease, clean teeth, apply treatments, take x-rays, educate patients on good dental care (even though you swear you’re flossing every day), and assist dentists with procedures. This is a field expected to grow m uch faster than average over the next year.What you’ll need: Dental hygienists typically hold an associate’s degree from an accredited dental program. All states require dental hygienists to be licensed, so be sure to know your own state’s requirements for licensure.How much they make: According to the BLS, nurse practitioners make a median annual salary of $72,910, or $35.05 per hour.For more on how to snag dental hygienist jobs:What You Need to Know About Being a Dental Hygienist6. OptometristIf messy bodily functions aren’t your thing, you might want to consider a career as an optometrist. Optometrists focus on patients’ eyesight, and their duties include evaluating eyesight issues, testing for eye diseases, prescribing medicine, determining the need for glasses or other corrective eyewear, performing treatments, and evaluating patients for vision-related signs of serious diseases that can affect eyesight (like diabetes).What you’ll need: Optometrists need to complete a Doctor of Optometry (OD) program, which typically takes four years to complete (on top of an undergraduate bachelor’s degree). All states require optometrists to be licensed, so be sure to know your own state’s requirements.How much they make: According to the BLS, nurse practitioners make a median annual salary of $106,140, or $51.03 per hour.For more on how to snag optometrist jobs:11 High-Paying Jobs with High SatisfactionNo Medical Degree? No Problem for These Five Healthcare Jobs7. Physical Therapy AssistantPhysical therapy assistants work with patients under the direction of a physical therapist, helping patients recover from illness or injury. Their duties typically include helping patients move according to a prescribed treatment plan, observing patients, recording patient progress and data, massaging or stretching patients’ muscles, and helping patients use devices and equipment (like walkers or crutches) to move.What yo u’ll need: Physical therapy assistants need to have an associate’s degree from an accredited allied health program. All states require physical therapy assistants to be licensed or certified, so be sure to know your own state’s requirements.How much they make: According to the BLS, nurse practitioners make a median annual salary of $45,290, or $21.77 per hour.For more on how to snag physical therapy assistant jobs:Job Spotlight: Physical Therapist Assistant (VIDEO)9 High-Growth Careers in Healthcare Support8. EMT/ParamedicThese first responders are the ones you want near you in a crisis- able to act calmly and help sick or injured people no matter what’s going on around them. Emergency medical technicians (EMTs) and paramedics respond to emergency calls and are responsible for assessing a patient’s condition immediately, providing emergency medical care as necessary, preparing to move the patient to a medical facility, transporting patients safely in an ambulance or other emergency vehicle, communicating patient conditions to other medical staff, keeping records of the patient’s condition and treatment, and using and maintaining emergency medical equipment. An EMT or paramedic’s cases may range from serious accidents or emergencies to basic first aid.What you’ll need: EMTs and paramedics need to complete an accredited medical training program. All states require emergency medical personnel to be licensed or certified, so be sure to know your own state’s requirements.How much they make: According to the BLS, nurse practitioners make a median annual salary of $32,670, or $15.71 per hour.For more on how to snag EMT/paramedic jobs:10 Jobs Where You Can Be a Hero9 top jobs to pursue if you’re bilingualWhat You Need to Know About Becoming a ParamedicThe best jobs you can work during the graveyard shiftIf you’re looking for a field that is unlikely to face a downturn anytime soon, then 2018 could be the year to start looking seriously at a career in health care. Many of the fastest-growing opportunities require specific education and training programs, but if you’re not ready to make that commitment, there are lots of good opportunities for building medical experience and kicking off a challenging, fulfilling career in the health care industry.

Common Application Essay on a Meaningful Place

Common Application Essay on a Meaningful Place Note that this essay option was dropped from the Common Application in the 2015-16 admissions cycle. This does not mean that applicants can not write about a meaningful place with the current Common Application. The topic of your choice option allows you to write about anything, and its also possible that an essay on your background or identity could focus on a meaningful place or environment. The fourth essay option for the 2013 and 2014 Common Application  asked applicants to discuss a place or environment that is meaningful to them: Describe a place or environment where you are perfectly content. What do you do or experience there, and why is it meaningful to you? Except for the rare student who isnt content anywhere, this question will be a viable option for a wide range of applicants. Nearly everyone can identify a location that brings contentedness. But this doesnt mean the prompt isnt challenging. Applicants who choose this option will need to make sure they are presenting their chosen location effectively. The tips below can help: Choosing a "Place or Environment" Step one in tackling this prompt is coming up with a place or environment where you are perfectly content. You have a lot of latitude hereyou can write about any specific location on the globe (a place), or you can be less focused and discuss the type of surroundings (environment) that brings you contentedness. The place can be small or large, inside or outside, commonplace or extraordinary. You could also bend the question to explore imagined placeslocations accessible only through your imagination. As you brainstorm this essay prompt, think broadly about the place or environment you are going to discuss. Your options include: A building: Your house, church, school, tree fort, or grandmas home. A store, movie theater, cafà ©, restaurant, fitness club...An interior space: your bedroom, the secret room under the stairs, your science classroom, the locker room, your aunts kitchen, the shower, the drivers seat of your favorite car...An exterior space: the woods, the ocean, the lake, a city street, a rooftop, a meadow in bloom, the dessert at night...A travel destination: Machu Picchu, the San Diego Zoo, the top of Mount Washington, the Avenue des Champs-Élysà ©es, a food market in Shanghai, a tent in the Bad Lands...A performance or athletic venue: the stage of a concert hall, a tennis court, the football field, the shoulder of the road on a bike, the theater...An imagined place: the world portrayed in a painting, J.R.R. Tolkiens Middle Earth, Diagon Alley, the Star Ship Enterprise, Jane Austens England, Downton Abbey... The list could be much, much longer, and please dont let these limited suggestions steer you away from your own place of contentedness. What Does "Perfectly Content" Mean? Many students have interpreted this question to be asking about a place where they are at peace. Indeed, that is one way to read the question, and being in a peaceful state is one type of content state. But the word content can mean much more than a state of peacefulness. It is also a state of satisfaction, and you dont need to be peaceful to be satisfied. An adrenaline junkie might be most content when skydiving, and a musician might be most content when performing a solo to a standing-room-only crowd. These high-pressure situations can be magical, meaningful and content moments, but they are not peaceful. Be Careful When You "Describe" Always keep in mind that the essay is a place for you to tell the admissions folks more about yourself, and for you to demonstrate that you are well prepared for college. The first task asked of you in prompt #4 Describe a place or environment is also the least challenging part of the question. Describing, unlike analyzing, is a pretty low-level form of thinking. This part of the essay has no self-analysis or introspection, so it is not saying much about you, your passions, or how well your mind works. Because of this, dont spend too many of your 650 words describing. Be clear, concise, and engaging as you describe the place you have chosen, but then move on. The description should not be the bulk of your essay. The "What" and the "Why" The end of the prompt is most important. The question is asking you why you feel and act the way you do in your special place. Why is this place or environment meaningful to you? Dig deep. A shallow response isnt going to impress anyone. The student who writes Im most content on the soccer field because Ive always loved soccer hasnt really answered the question. Why do you love soccer? Are you a competitive person? Do you like the teamwork? Does soccer help you escape from other parts of your life? Does it make you a better person? How has your time on the soccer field made you grow? What exactly makes the soccer field so full of meaning for you? A Final Word About an Essay on a Meaningful Place If you really explore the why of this question and go easy on the describing, your essay will be on track to succeed. It might help to rethink prompt #4 in these terms: Tell us about a place that is meaningful to you so that we can get to know you better. The college is asking for an essay because it has holistic admissions, and the admissions officers really do want to get to know you as an individual. The essay is one of the only places on your application (aside from an interview) where you can put forth your personality, interests, and passions. Whatever you focus on in your application essay- whether it be a place, a person, or an event- the essay needs to be about you at its core. To test out your essay, give it to an acquaintance or teacher who doesnt know you particularly well, and ask what that person learned about you from reading the essay. Ideally, the response will be exactly what you want the college to learn about you. Last of all, no matter which essay prompt you choose, pay attention to style, tone, and mechanics. The essay is first and foremost about you, but it also needs to demonstrate a strong writing ability.

Paraphrriase Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Paraphrriase - Essay Example All of these objectives and goals have been decided and chosen through an extensive training needs assessment (appendix one) that was carried out during the planning and processing of the training package. The needs assessment result shows that participants are aware of the new policy and the factors leading to formulating such policies. Furthermore, the result highlights the high motivation of the employees for the new procedure in workplace and its effects on the quality of work. In addition to needs assessment, the formulation of training goals has been carried out in reference to Collection and Assembly of Medical Records policy, procedure number 123.2011. In each session, the trainers provide information about performing such tasks, supply relevant forms and guidelines, and illustrate the reporting system in case of any deficiencies. All participants are encouraged to work in teams to discuss a certain issue during the training sessions. They have to work on similar make-believe hospital information system to make sure that all the relevant steps involved in tracking files and printing out lists are fully covered and illustrated during the computer lab session. Presentation is usually conducted by a subject expert and can be presented at various locations (McNamara, 2009). Under this training package, two presentations will be conducted, both in theatre number 111, as the theatre has required facilities such as computer, projector, and speakerphones. The presentations will be divided according to the topic and will incorporate question and answer session. Presentations will be handed out to the participants for reference. Coaching is a useful learning method, plenty of which will be provided during the training time. It includes sessions where trainer will coach and teach participants to perform different tasks by demonstrating them (McNamara, 2009). Afterwards, the participants will have to perform

International Legal and Ethical Issues in Business IP Week 3 Essay

International Legal and Ethical Issues in Business IP Week 3 - Essay Example This rule also applies to someone who is inebriated or otherwise under the influence of intoxicating drugs. For the purpose of this element, likewise minors do not have the capacity to enter into a contract, so a parent or guardian must act on their behalf. A minor’s age of consent varies from state to state and different countries but is generally eighteen. 2. Legal Purpose. In order for a contract to be valid, it must also be legal in the domicile which it is drawn. For example, loan contracts with usury above the legal limit are invalid, as are agreements for such things as prostitution, arson, murder and gambling. 3. Offer and Acceptance. This aspect is common in the real estate business, where two parties have something to offer each other. The seller has a house or land and the buyer has the cash to purchase the property. They bargain for a bit and finally acceptance is made from both sides. At this time they have a contract, which once signed can be legal and binding. 4. Consideration. The seller surrenders his property and the buyer hands over his money. As such they have consideration. Of course with real estate, there are often two more parties to the contract, for any number of entities can be party to the contract. The real estate agent does the footwork for both buyer and seller and expects to receive a commission for the efforts. Also, normally the Mortgage Company or bank provides the cash for the transaction and the buyer promises to repay the mortgager. The objective theory of contracts basically means that the person entering into the contract would consider it valid if he or she thought the other party had the intent of carrying through with his offer and the other party’s conduct would justify such intent (Thompson, 2005). A good example of this would be the Washington’s Birthday celebration some car dealers had many years ago. Washington was born on

Fast Moving Consumer Goods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Fast Moving Consumer Goods - Essay Example This essay demonstrates that at the same time, they develop trust and loyalty towards their brands. Due to the dynamic changes that FMCG companies operate in, penetrating the UK, and their supermarket has been a challenge. There has been a success and at the same time failures, this depending on the strategies employed in promoting the products. A specialized team appointed by Zeal Creative undertaking consultancy on various issues concerning FMCG companies in UK supermarkets found that different approaches, in communicating to customers, has been the key to either success or market failure. in consultancy, different products are to be sampled from leading supermarkets in the United Kingdom and strategies that various FMCG companies used and how best the succeeded in implementing these communication avenues. The consultancy working for Zeal Creatives conducted both primary and secondary research looking into the newspaper, company financial reports, marketing website and any other re levant research material that could help the consultancy analyze the reasons for success or failure of penetration into UK supermarkets. The research covers and analyses both in of the store and out of store communications. The research is interested in all UK supermarkets and using both the primary and secondary data the research focuses on the best practices to be adopted by FMCG companies. This is key to prior identification of the big winners and losers in terms of market penetration. The report sampled companies such as ASDA, Bacardi, Tesco, Sainsbury’s, Weetabix and, Johnson & Johnson. These companies both within the five years of concern used various strategies in communicating with their customers. Various in of the store and out of store communications approaches will be analyzed, and informed judgment made on the best approach applicable in future.  

Enigma and Lorenz Machines Their Contribution to Computing

Enigma and Lorenz Machines Their Contribution to Computing The purpose of this report is to understand the working of cryptography by studying the working of Enigma and Lorentz machines which were used by Germans during World War II. The report will also discuss the effect of the invention of this machines on modern day cryptography. Cryptography has been helping humans to transmit information in secured way but the popularity of cryptography was limited to certain individuals and it was not used widely. During World War II the demand of cryptography increased which resulted in invention of Lorentz and Enigma machine by Germans. The encrypted information was important to Britains to gain an edge over the Germans war strategies, hence a research center was constructed in Britains to decode the encoded information. The report discusses the working of Enigma and Lorentz machine and the various methods adopted by Britains to decode the encoded information. The report will conclude by studying the effect of the creation of the encrypting and decrypting machines on the modern-day computing. Cryptography play an important role in humans daily interaction with technological devices, with the advent of computing devices and internet it has become extremely important to hide private information. We often wonder how we can transfer money through internet or by using ATM cards. The sensitive personal information such as bank details are transferred securely through internet which is available to everyone. This paper tracks the events which contributed to the development of modern day cryptography and discusses the development in the field of cryptanalysis. Cryptography is the science of secretly transferring information from one point to another so that the information is reliably transferred from one point to another, which is unintelligible to all receiver of information except the intended user. The aim of the cryptography is to prevent eavesdroppers from understanding the message. (A. Eskicioglu and L. Litwin, 2001) The human want of secrecy of information has resulted in the invention of cryptography. Ciphers were created to hide personal information. The need to securely transmit information has increase with the advent of modern communication. Confidential information such as Business plan, financial transaction which are send over internet needs to be transferred in a secured way. Since, internet is available to everyone it important to encrypt the information which is being transferred (Zwicke, 2003). The basic working of encryption can be divided into three parts: Encryption: Cryptography works by modifies the original information (termed plain text in cryptography) which is in readable form to encrypted form (termed ciphertext in cryptography) which is not easily interpreted by unauthorized person. The encryption process scrambles the plaintext by combining it with a key which is a random sequence of letters or numbers and produces ciphertext. Transmission Once the information is encrypted it is transferred to the intended user by various methods. For example, it could be transferred by writing it on paper or can be send via complicated modern wireless system. Decryption: After the information is received by the intended person the person tries to decode the information with a key. The key is unique and usually only the receiver has the key to decode the information (An introduction to cryptography, n.d.). 3.1 Stream cipher Stream cipher is an encryption algorithm which encrypts one bit of data in one cycle of its operation. The stream cipher uses infinite stream of pseudorandom bits of key to encrypt the plaintext. The robustness of the stream cipher depends on the algorithm which is used to produce the key. Since, repetition in the key can cause the stream cipher to be easily predicted and the encrypted text could be easily decrypted (Villanueva, 2015). The working of the stream cipher is explained below: As discussed above encryption works by combining the plain text Xi with key Si to produce ciphertext Ci . The combining process uses modulo 2 operation which is the modulus between the bits of the plaintext and ciphertext. We can denote this mathematically as Ci = Xi à ¢Ã…  Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Si To decrypt the message the same key stream is used which was used for encrypting the message. Mathematically this can be stated as Xi = Ci à ¢Ã…  Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Si   (C. Paar, J. Pelzl) The diagram below summarizes the entire process: Figure 1 Encryption and decryption with stream cipher. Reprinted from Understanding cryptography, by C. Paar, J. Pelzl, (n.d.), Retrieved from http://bit.ly/2mEit9i Copyright by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 Enigma machine eliminated the human effort of encryption by automating the process of encryption. The use of enigma machine during World War II was done to secretly transmit the classified information to remote military units. The enigma was electro-mechanical machine which encoded the character stream to cypher text. The simplest version of the enigma machine had three motors which are interconnected with each other. It also has a plug board which is a board to interconnect letters to improve the encryption of the enigma machine. A keyboard was used to input the characters to be encoded by the machine. A light board was used to display the encrypted letter of the plaintext character. Figure 2 Enigma How the machine worked. Reprinted from The guardian website, by Hern, Alex, (2014, Nov 14), Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/nov/14/how-did-enigma-machine-work-imitation-game Copyright Simon Singh. 4.1  Working The working of enigma machine was simple. When the operator types the letter on keyboard electric signal is generated. The signal then passes through the plug board which substitutes the letter per the connection of the plug board. The signal then passes through the three rotors with internal wiring. This is where the actual encryption takes places. As mentioned above each motor consists of 26 steps of rotation before making one complete cycle. The arrangement of the three motors was such that when the first motor completes a full rotation the second motor would move by one step. The same step is applicable for third motor. After passing through the connection of motors the signal is then reflected and again passes thorough the plug board. After passing through the plug board the signal lights up the appropriate letter on the light board providing the encrypted letter of the plain text character. The Lorentz machine was developed by C. Lorentz in Berlin. In 1940s Germans saw the need to establish secured communication between German high command in Wà ¼nsdorf close to berlin and German army throughout Europe. With the invention of mechanical machine and electronic boards it became possible to build a machine capable of encrypting the message which was send to remote army. The Lorenz machine was used for sending tactical information (Smart, n.d.). Lorentz machine uses Lorentz cipher which was based on Baudot code. Lets discuss about the working of Baudot code. Baudot Code: It used five bit of data to encode characters. Baudot code was a standard means of communication via teleprinter. Since five bits were insufficient to represent all the characters on the keyboard. Hence the code was divided into two states called letter shifts and figures shifts. To toggle between the two states a control character was used, there were other characters which had special functions such as space. To understand the working of Baudot code lets take an example of encrypting the word Hello. The first step is to fill the Paper tape with holes and insert the paper tape into telegraph to send the message. To punch holes in the paper tape the position of the holes needs to be determined which was obtained from the Baudot code table. These holes were converted to bits and then transferred by teleprinter. Figure 3 The Baudot printing telegraphy system. Second Edition. Reprinted from Circuitousroot website, by Pendry, H, W. (1919) Retrieved from http://www.circuitousroot.com/artifice/telegraphy/tty/codes/ 5.1 Lorenz Cipher The Baudot code is taken as input by the Lorenz cipher. The Lorenz cipher consisted of 12 motors which are separated into 3 pairs. Each motor had different number of pins on it as shown in figure below: Figure 4 An Enigma machine rotor. Reprinted from Plus magazine website, by Ellis Claire. (2005, Mar 1). Picture retrieved from https://plus.maths.org/content/exploring-enigma Copyright by Simon Singh Each pin could store either 0 or 1 based on the configuration of the machine. The configuration of the machine (setting the starting position of each motor) was performed by the operator of the machine and the same configuration of the machine was used at the receiving end to decrypt the message. The Lorentz machine was divided into three pairs of motors as shown below: Figure 5 The internal working of the Lorentz cipher machine. Reprinted from the Rochester institute website, by Payne, Japnce. (n.d.), Retrieved from https://people.rit.edu/japnce/payne/images/rotorsall.png The three pair of motors are termed as K, M, and S. The description of each pair of motors is discussed below: K motors: These consist of 5 motors with following pin configuration K1=41, K2=31, K3=29, K4=26, K5=23. This set of motors shift by one pin for every character which was encoded. M motors: These consist of 2 motors with following pin configuration M1=61, M2=37. This set of motors shift by one pin for every character which was encoded. Further the output of the M motors decided whether the S motors should be rotated by one pin or should remain unchanged. S motors: These consist of 5 motors with following pin configuration S1=43, S2=47, S3=51, S4=53, S5=59. This set of motors shift by one pin based on the output of M motors. Working The 5 bits of the characters are first X-OR with the 5 bits of K motor. The output is then again X-OR with the 5 bits of S motors to get the cypher text. At the receiving end since the Lorentz cipher is a symmetric cipher, the same configuration is used to set up the Lorentz machine at receiving end and the encrypted message is decrypted. The mathematical formula of the encryption and decryption process is as follows: Suppose Message = M, Cipher text = C, Cypher = E M à ¢Ã…  Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ E = C (Encryption) C à ¢Ã…  Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ E = M (Decryption) (Smart, n.d.) Most of the technology that was in existence during World War II was like that which was used in World War I. The telegraph, which was type-printed using a typewriter was widely used commercially and by military personnel. In the late 1800s an Italian scientist, Guglielmo Marconi discovered the radio communication. However, it wasnt until the early 1900s that this technology was adopted for military purposes. It was the year 1914 and most major military powers of the world has started relying extensively on this technology but there was a problem there were no security mechanisms in place for a wireless signal to hide the messages being transmitted. The U.S. soon used a more sophisticated version of this technology as soon as Frequency Modulation was invented in 1920. Figure 6 Soldier during World War II using telegraphic switchboard Another important element of communication technology invented before and during the World War II was the RADAR technology. Developed by the U.S. navy for military use, these were signals sent in the microwave wavelength. It was an entirely new way of surveillance that enabled the allies to see in total darkness and find out about enemy ships in the distant sea or air.   Radar used small-short signals that were sent into a direction using an antenna. This would return the position and speed of an object which would serve as a critical early warning tool. Radar navigation implementation by the German bombers meant that the previous tactics of indiscriminate, area-based bombing was now replaced by more accurate precision targeting. Then there were the German fire control radars, Lichtenstein SN2 was mounted on top of airplanes and had an effective range of 2.5 miles. A methodology that had been in existence for a quite a while but was found of prime use during the World War II was Cryptography. Cryptography emerged as the saving grace to answer all questions about the immense need of secrecy. Cryptography had been in existence for over a thousand years but it wasnt until the early 19th century that mathematicians came together to build a machine that would be used for a very specific purpose send messages during times of war. During this period, Cypher machines were developed under extreme secrecy. These machines were of the mechanical and electromechanical kind. Out of the two, the later were developed by Germans into what they called the Enigma machine Allies and enemies developed and adopted the use of cryptographic communications of all sorts during this period. While Germans were focusing on techniques to build machines for encryption, the UK was busy trying to perform cryptanalysis on these machines. Numerous machines came out of Germany that used cryptography in its own unique way. FISH, as the UKs Bletchley Park codenamed them, were a series of German stream ciphers developed during the World War II era. The enigma in the early 1920s which was of the electro-mechanical sort that used a keyboard, rotors and a spindle to do the tricks. Another machine known as the Lorenz cipher was simultaneously developed as a form was a rotor stream cipher and started its use in military since 1941 in a SZ form. The tunny cipher as it was called was used for wireless telegraphy which eventually and unfortunately for the Germans, quite soon led to the interception of its messages. Poland came up with its own cryptographic machine called Bomba, which meant cryptographic bomb in Polish. While there is less information available about why it was named so, Bomba was a glorified Enigma machine in more ways than one. It was developed after the mathematician and its creator, Marian Rejewski studied by breaking apart an Enigma. Put simply, it was a multiple Enigma machine that used an electrical power aggregate of six Enigmas. Most countries like Poland, United States and the UK devoted their time and resources in cryptanalysis of these machines. Bletchley Park in England was extremely instrumental in bringing about a new era with the cryptanalysis or code breaking of messages that were being transmitted by the Germans during the World War II. The Lorenz machine was a stream cipher that encoded/streamed electrical pulses over a telephone line. The technique used was something we call XOR today which is an addition operation. A key property of XOR is that if one was to run the Ciphertext through the same key again, the original message could be found. The exploitation of this very concept of the Lorenz cipher led to its success cryptanalysis. One day after a 4000-letter message was sent out to Vienna, the sender who encodes the message received a response from the receiver asking to resend the message since they had not received the message. The sender reset the Lorenz machine and started to abbreviate a few words to make the process quicker. At this time, Bletchley Park had two copies of the same message and the prime mistake was that both were sent using the same key. The folks at Bletchley park were not just great mathematicians, but they also had an exceptional sense of awareness. They proceeded to add the two messages together, essentially cancelling out the keys. They were now left with two messages added together and then John Tiltman, an experience code breaker who not just able to figure out the message, but also figured out the key. John Tiltman gave this key to Bill Tutte, a young graduate from Cambridge who liked solving puzzles. He was able to out the length of the key by writing it down in rows with the aim to find out patterns. Bill Tutte found that the pattern of the wheel on the right had a period of 41. However, the pattern was not perfect and had an element of randomness which suggested that a wheel on the left was used that moved only sometimes. This information was enough for other mathematicians to jump onboard and fully figure out the Lorenz machine. The Enigma on the other hand had multiple variations in the structure of the machine throughout its useful life to be cracked at one go. The earlier versions of the Enigma were using a 3-rotor structure which was used as the main subject by the Polish Cipher Bureau. Marian Rejewski who worked for the bureau made significant developments in breaking the Enigma, without having much access to any of the official information about its inner workings. Rejewski developed a bomba machine in the process, this cryptanalysis machine was build using the observations Rejewski gathered that showed that the first three letters of a message were the same as the second three. Rejewskis method failed when in 1938 the Germans increased the rotors to include two additional ones. It was Alan Turing who developed a sophisticated Bombe that used statistics and the Bayes law for calculating the probability to narrow down on the number of possibilities. The bombe machines were also quickly updated to test the hypothesis. Figure 7 The British Bombe currently in display at the Bletchley Park Alan Turings Bombe was composed of drums which together simulated an enigma and each drum replicated the functioning of one rotor of the machine. The objective of the Turings bombe was to find out the key used by the Enigma, the starting position of the rotors and the steckers or plugs. The drums were designed to move from a set starting position every time. The movement was designed with the help of statistics and the Bayes law, hence the key space was greatly reduced thereby reducing the run time. Alan Turing has been regarded as one of the biggest contributors to defeating the German navy by helping the Allied Forced during the World War II. It is believed that the British employed 200 Bombes during the Second World War and collectively these Bombes decoded 4000 messages on any given day. The cryptanalysis of the Enigma is believed to have contributed to saving millions of lives and is identified as a prime reason why the war ended years before what it couldve lasted. Britains World War II codebreakers were centrally located at Bletchley Park, a code-breaking center run by the United Kingdom Government Code and Cypher School (GCCS). They primarily focused on deciphering German Enigma and Lorenz communications and producing Ultra intelligence (Hinsley, 1996). Ultra was the designation for high level encrypted Axis-power intelligence the codebreakers intercepted and decrypted (Hinsley, 1993). Ultra-intelligence generated by decrypted Enigma and Lorenz signals is credited with shortening the war, and without it the outcome of the war may have been different (Hinsley, 1996). The Enigma machine was the Germans primary encryption method during the war. Alan Turing, working at Bletchley Park in 1939, created the Bombe, which was an electromechanical machine used to decrypt Enigma ciphers (Smith, 2007). Gordon Welchman refined the Bombe in 1940 with a diagonal board, increasing the Bombes efficiency (Budiansky, 2000). Welchmans diagonal board addressed the plug board vulnerability in the Enigma. The Bombe was based on the Bomba, a Polish machine designed to break Enigma ciphers, which was created by Marian Rejewski (Kozaczuk, 1984). The creation of the functional Bombes led to Allies deciphering of Enigma signals. Beginning in 1940, Germany started developing more advanced machines that used the Lorenz cipher. The first was called the SZ40 machine, which was codenamed Tunny by the British codebreakers at Bletchley Park, and was followed by subsequent versions (SZ40A, SZ40B, and SZ42 (Copeland, 2006). These machines produced more complex ciphers than the Enigma, and were ultimately defeated by the 1+2 break in method created by Bill Tutte (Copeland, 2006). Multiple advanced decryption machines were designed to combat the Lorenz ciphers. First was the British Tunny Machine, which replicated the functions of the SZ40 machines. With the proper cam settings, it was able to produce clear text from cipher text that was input into it (Hinsley, 1993). Built on the Tunny machines, the Heath Robinson, or Robinsons, were created to automate the 1+2 break in (Copeland, 2006). They ran paper tapes to find the wheel settings of the Lorenz machine. Although they were functional, issues with keeping the paper tapes synchronized and slow processing speed limited their effectiveness (Copeland, 2006). Working on the Robinsons at Bletchley Park, Tommy Flowers was instrumental in the advancement of the Colossus computer. Colossus was capable of faster processing than the Robinsons due to processing electronically. This also allowed for only one paper tape, which did not have to be synchronized with another and could be run at a faster speed, around 5,000 characters per second (Copeland, 2006). Although the Colossus computer was created first, the American ENIAC was often credited for being the first electronic digital computer ever made. This was caused by Colossus being shrouded in secrecy after World War II. The term computer originally referred to a human operator who performed mathematical computations. As the need for more demanding and complex computations increased, a push for electronic or digital computing began (Copeland, 2006). Computers like Colossus and ENIAC were called program-controlled computers, in which programs each computer was to process were not stored in the computers memory they had to be manually programmed. For Colossus and ENIAC, this involved modifying wiring by hand using plugs and switches. Modern computers utilize a stored-program concept, in which the programs a computer runs are stored in that computers memory (Copeland, 2006). The concept of the modern computer started with Alan Turing in 1936. He described a universal computing machine, containing limitless memory that stored both data and programs. A scanner would process the data based on the selected program. The use of any program with the data allowed the computer to process any calculation a human could, making it universal. Being universal allowed the computer to switch from one task to another, as opposed to a completely different and unique machine needing to be created for each individual task (Copeland, 2006). Turings concept can be seen in modern computing today, where personal computers and mobile devices (smartphones, etcetera) store both data and programs, and can easily switch between different tasks based on the users needs. Programming to achieve a particular task is relatively simple in comparison installing a program in a modern computer is much less complex compared to rewiring something like the Colossus computer or creating a completely new machine entirely. As discussed, the Germans and Axis powers used Enigma and Lorenz ciphers heavily for their encrypted communications in World War II. The decryption of Enigma and Lorenz was key for the Allies and the development of Ultra intelligence, which likely shortened the war by years. In the end, the need for decrypting Enigma and Lorenz was the initial catalyst the eventually led to modern computing. Colossus, being the first electronic computer, spearheaded the push into the modern stored-program concept that computers and modern devices use today. Without this need for computing power, the world may well have progressed in a much different way. References Budiansky, S. (2000). Battle of Wits: The Complete Story of Codebreaking in World War II. Free Press: 1734. Cooper, S., Leeuwen, J. (2013). Alan Turing: His Work and Impact. Saint Louis, U.S.: Elsevier Science. Copeland, B., ed. (2006). Colossus: The Secrets of Bletchley Parks Codebreaking Computers. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Enigma Machine. (2006). In J. Merriman J. Winter (Eds.), Europe Since 1914: Encyclopedia of the Age of War and Reconstruction (Vol. 2, pp. 964-966). Detroit: Charles Scribners Sons. Retrieved from http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=GVRLsw=wu=csuf_mainv=2.1it=rid=GALE%7CCX3447000319sid=exlibrisasid=50a327ace003888aadf98172a87c0eb6 Eskicioglu, A., Litwin, L. (2001). Cryptography. 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